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Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry, by Daniel J. Jacob, Princeton University Press, 1999.
Copyright 1999 by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World-Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers. For more information, send e-mail to permissions@pupress.princeton.edu .
Course instructors may request complete solutions to the problems by e-mail to the author: djj@io.harvard.edu
Errata last modified: January 14, 2004
This page gives access to the preprint version (January 1999) of the book, in both html and Adobe Acrobat pdf versions. The html version is given below. Access the pdf version here.The pdf version contains all of the original formatting. In the html version some of the original formatting is lost, notably the in-text symbols and sub/superscripts, and some figures have poor resolution (a few are missing altogether). Errata on the pdf version have been updated until November 1999; most of these have been corrected in the print version. The remaining errata in the print version are posted here.
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1 MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION 1
1.1 MIXING RATIO 1
1.2 NUMBER DENSITY 2
PROBLEMS 10
PROBLEMS 21
3.1 ONE-BOX MODEL 23
3.1.1 Concept of lifetime 23
3.1.2 Mass balance equation 25
3.3 PUFF MODELS 30
PROBLEMS 35
4.1.1 Coriolis force 40
4.1.2 Geostrophic balance 44
4.1.3 The effect of friction 45
4.2 THE GENERAL CIRCULATION 46
4.3.1 Buoyancy 50
4.3.2 Atmospheric stability 52
4.3.3 Adiabatic lapse rate 53
4.3.4 Latent heat release from cloud formation 55
4.3.5 Atmospheric lapse rate 57
4.4 TURBULENCE 60
4.4.1 Description of turbulence 61
4.4.2 Turbulent flux 61
PROBLEMS 69
4.1 Dilution of power plant plumes 69
4.2 Short questions on atmospheric transport 70
4.3 Seasonal motion of the ITCZ 71
4.4 A simple boundary layer model 71
4.5 Breaking a nighttime inversion 71
4.7 Scavenging of water in a thunderstorm 73
4.8 Global source of methane 73
5.1 EULERIAN FORM 75
5.1.1 Derivation 75
5.1.2 Discretization 77
PROBLEMS 82
PROBLEMS 105
6.1 Short questions on the oxygen cycle 105
6.2 Short questions on the carbon cycle 105
6.3 Atmospheric residence time of helium 106
6.5 Global fertilization of the biosphere 108
6.6 Ocean pH 109
6.7 Cycling of CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere 109
6.8 Sinks of atmospheric CO2 deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 110
7.1 RADIATION 115
7.2 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH 119
7.2.1 Solar and terrestrial emission spectra 119
7.2.2 Radiative balance of the Earth 121
7.3 ABSORPTION OF RADIATION BY THE ATMOSPHERE 123
7.3.1 Spectroscopy of gas molecules 123
7.3.2 A simple greenhouse model 126
7.3.3 Interpretation of the terrestrial radiation spectrum 128
7.4.1 Definition of radiative forcing 131
7.4.2 Application 132
7.4.3 Radiative forcing and surface temperature 134
7.5 WATER VAPOR AND CLOUD FEEDBACKS 136
7.5.1 Water vapor 136
7.5.2 Clouds 137
PROBLEMS 141
7.1 Climate response to changes in ozone 141
7.2 Interpretation of the terrestrial radiation spectrum 141
PROBLEMS 153
10.1.1 The mechanism 162
10.1.2 Steady-state solution 164
10.2 CATALYTIC LOSS CYCLES 169
10.2.1 Hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) 169
10.2.2 Nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx) 170
10.2.3 Chlorine radicals (ClOx) 176
10.3 POLAR OZONE LOSS 178
10.3.1 Mechanism for ozone loss 180
10.3.2 PSC formation 181
PROBLEMS 190
10.1 Shape of the ozone layer 190
10.2 The Chapman mechanism and steady state 190
10.3 The detailed Chapman mechanism 191
10.4 HOx-catalyzed ozone loss 192
10.5 Chlorine chemistry at mid-latitudes 192
10.7 Bromine-catalyzed ozone loss 194
10.8 Limitation of antarctic ozone depletion 195
10.9 Fixing the ozone hole 196
10.10 PSC formation 198
11 OXIDIZING POWER OF THE TROPOSPHERE 199
11.1.1 Tropospheric production of OH 200
11.1.2 Global mean OH concentration 201
11.2 GLOBAL BUDGETS OF CO AND METHANE 204
11.3 CYCLING OF HOx AND PRODUCTION OF OZONE 206
11.3.1 OH titration 206
11.3.2 CO oxidation mechanism 207
11.3.3 Methane oxidation mechanism 209
11.4 GLOBAL BUDGET OF NITROGEN OXIDES 211
PROBLEMS 220
11.1 Sources of CO 220
11.2 Sources of tropospheric ozone 220
11.3 Oxidizing power of the atmosphere 221
11.4 OH concentrations in the past 223
11.5 Acetone in the upper troposphere 224
11.6 Transport, rainout, and chemistry in the marine upper troposphere 225
11.7 Bromine chemistry in the troposphere 227
PROBLEMS 244
12.1 NO x - and hydrocarbon-limited regimes for ozone production 244
PROBLEMS 256
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 259